by yao.sossou1 -

The future of healthcare is sustainable: how e-health, robotics, and miot can help tackle the climate crisis

Introduction

Digital health is rapidly transforming the healthcare industry, with the use of technologies such as telemedicine, telehealth, and artificial intelligence (AI) playing a significant role [1]. Smart technologies are also being adopted to improve patient outcomes and experiences [2]. Deloitte predicts that the future of health will involve a shift towards a more personalized and proactive approach, enabled by digital technologies [3]. Climate change is a global challenge that requires urgent action across all sectors, including healthcare, which is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Many of the health risks posed by climate change require long-term planning and investment [4].  In today’s health care context, the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) offers suitability for doctors and patients as we can use them in many medical fields [5]. The healthcare industry’s carbon footprint stems from energy consumption, waste generation, and transportation, and its impact is expected to increase due to the growing demand for healthcare services worldwide. However, emerging technologies such as eHealth, “Medical Internet of Things” (MIoT) (a derivative of IoT or Internet of Things), and robotics offer promising solutions to reduce the environmental impact of healthcare. As Istepanian et al., stressed it, the use of wearables and other connected devices in health care is expected to become more common, with the potential to improve both patient outcomes and the efficiency of health care systems [6].

For instance, eHealth technologies have been widely adopted in the United States and other developed countries, enabling electronic health record systems and telehealth programs that reduce the need for paper-based records and transportation, respectively [7]. In Africa, where healthcare facilities face significant challenges due to a lack of infrastructure, resources, and healthcare services, eHealth technologies such as the National Health Information System in many African countries has the potential to enabled real-time disease outbreak monitoring, improved patient care, and reduced the need for paper-based records [8,9]. However as [10] mentioned it a decentralised approach to the implementation of HIS is more appropriate for Africa’s health systems 

Furthermore, robotics technologies have the potential to transform surgical care in Africa, reducing the need for repeat surgeries and hospital visits while improving patient outcomes. For example, the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in South Africa has implemented robotic surgery for prostate cancer treatment [11, 12]. One example of digital innovation in healthcare is the deployment of an innovative data system at the University of California, San Francisco, which integrates research and care to improve patient outcomes [13]. Another example is Eko Health, a digital health company that uses AI and machine learning to analyze heart sounds and identify potential heart conditions [14].

While the potential of these technologies to reduce the healthcare industry’s carbon footprint is clear, their adoption and implementation remain uneven across the globe. More research and investment are required to encourage widespread adoption of these technologies and address implementation challenges in resource-limited settings. This article will examine the advantages and disadvantages of eHealth, MIoT, and robotics in reducing the healthcare sector’s carbon footprint, as well as provide recommendations for policymakers, healthcare providers, and technology developers on how to promote sustainable healthcare practices.

I. Overview of the impact of healthcare on the climate

The healthcare industry is responsible for a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions, with an estimated 5% of global emissions coming from the healthcare sector. The industry generates carbon footprint through energy consumption, waste generation and transportation. Healthcare facilities consume large amounts of energy to power medical equipment, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. The use of single-use medical devices and packaging materials also generates a significant amount of waste. Additionally, transportation of patients, medical personnel, and supplies also contributes to carbon footprint.

II. Introduction to eHealth, MIoT, and robotics

EHealth, IoT, and robotics are examples of digital technologies with the potential to transform the healthcare industry. EHealth is the use of digital technologies to provide healthcare services, such as telemedicine, Electronic Health Recorders(EHRs), and digital medical devices. Recently, a growing trend in the healthcare industry is the emergence of a subcategory of the IoT known as the “Medical Internet of Things” (MIoT). Unlike traditional IoT devices, MIoT devices are specifically designed for medical purposes and are connected to the internet or other networks to enable communication with each other. MIoT devices allow for the sharing of important patient information in real-time, enhancing the accuracy and speed of diagnosis and treatment. This advancement has the potential to revolutionize the way medical professionals approach patient care and lead to more efficient and effective healthcare services.

MIoT entails the collection and transmission of healthcare data via interconnected devices and sensors. In contrast, robotics is the use of machines to automate processes, perform surgeries, and deliver medical supplies.

III. How eHealth can minimize the impact on the climate?

3.1. Telemedicine 

Telemedicine is the use of digital technologies to deliver healthcare remotely. This reduces the need for patients and healthcare providers to travel, thereby lowering the carbon footprint. Patients can get healthcare from the comfort of their own homes, reducing the need for transportation. Remote consultations can also be provided by healthcare providers, reducing the need for patients to travel to healthcare facilities. More and more people in the healthcare industry are working with developers around the world to provide telemedicine software and platforms.

3.2. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) 

The EHRs can significantly reduce paper usage and storage, which contributes significantly to the carbon footprint in healthcare facilities. EHRs allow healthcare providers to electronically access patient data, eliminating the need for paper-based records. Furthermore, electronic prescribing can reduce the need for paper-based prescriptions, reducing paper usage even further.

3.3. Digital Medical Devices

The EHRs can significantly reduce paper usage and storage, which contributes significantly to the carbon footprint in healthcare facilities. EHRs allow healthcare providers to electronically access patient data, eliminating the need for paper-based records. Furthermore, electronic prescribing can reduce the need for paper-based prescriptions, reducing paper usage even furth Wearable health monitors and mobile health apps, for example, can enable patients to manage their health remotely, reducing the need for frequent hospital visits. These devices can also monitor vital signs and notify healthcare providers of any irregularities, allowing for early intervention and reducing the need for emergency hospital visits.

Other than those, there are numerous eHealth device solutions that can help to minimize the impact on the climate. For instance, smart water bottles can track water intake and hydration levels, while smart thermostats allow for remote control of heating systems. One example of a wireless vital signs monitor is the Caretaker, which connects to an Android device and provides real-time vital sign data, including continuous beat-by-beat blood pressure, without the need for wires or invasive methods. In addition to measuring blood oxygen levels, respiration rate, core body temperature, early warning score, and blood volume levels, the device can be worn by the patient as a finger cuff and wristband. The Eko Core digital stethoscope, on the other hand, has both analog and amplified modes and can be used with a smartphone app to visualize and record sounds picked up. The device is HIPAA-approved, allowing for easy sharing of results with colleagues or patients or direct upload to electronic medical records [14]. Finally, smart injection devices are connected drug delivery devices that allow doctors and patients to monitor injection administration, support any syringe design, and share data with the doctor about the amount being administered and any common patient errors. These eHealth solutions can significantly reduce the environmental impact of healthcare while improving patient outcomes.

IV. How MIoT can minimize the impact on the climate?

4.1. Remote patient monitoring

Remote patient monitoring is the use of interconnected devices to remotely monitor a patient’s health. This reduces the need for frequent hospital visits, as well as the carbon footprint associated with transportation. Patients can also benefit from early interventions, which reduces the need for emergency room visits.

4.2. Smart healthcare facilities

Smart healthcare facilities optimize energy usage with interconnected devices and sensors, lowering energy consumption and carbon footprint. These devices can monitor energy consumption and adjust lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems automatically to reduce energy waste. For example the smart hospital room project where IBM Watson has collaborated with Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia to develop a smart hospital room that is being implemented in the three hospitals overseen by the university. This partnership aims to provide a fully integrated and intelligent hospital room that can enhance patient outcomes by providing personalized care and support to medical staff.

4.3. Real-time inventory management

MIoT can also enable real-time inventory management, reducing waste from expired or unused medical supplies. Interconnected devices can monitor inventory levels and alert healthcare providers of any low supplies, reducing overstocking and waste.

V. How robotics can minimize the impact on the climate?

5.1. Automated processes

Robots can automate processes such as sterilization, cleaning, and laundry, reducing energy consumption and carbon footprint. Automated processes can also reduce the need for human labor, reducing carbon footprint from transportation.

5.2. Robotics-assisted surgery 

Robotic-assisted surgery can reduce the amount of time patients spend in the hospital, reducing energy consumption and carbon footprint. Robotic-assisted surgery also has a higher success rate, reducing the need for repeat surgeries and hospital visits. IDC [15] has forecast that by 2026 two-thirds of medical imaging processes will use AI to detect diseases and guide treatment. A growing number of healthcare leaders believe that investing in AI technology is important for the future of their medical facility, according to the Royal Philips report.

5.3. Autonomous delivery of medical supplies

Robots can also be used to deliver medical supplies autonomously, reducing carbon footprint from transportation. Autonomous delivery can also reduce the risk of human error, ensuring that medical supplies are delivered on time and in the correct quantity. Swisslog and Savioke have introduced a new autonomous service robot to the healthcare industry, which can perform tasks such as delivering medication and supplies to patients [16].The robots are equipped with sensors to navigate through hospital hallways and elevators, and can even open doors using RFID technology. This not only reduces the carbon footprint from transportation but also reduces the risk of human error and frees up hospital staff to focus on patient care.

VI. Challenges of implementing eHealth, MIoT, and robotics

6.1. Cost

The implementation of eHealth, MIoT, and robotics can be costly, making it difficult for some healthcare providers to adopt these technologies.

An example of the cost of implementing these technologies can be seen in the case of the University of California San Francisco Medical Center (UCSF), which implemented an electronic medical records system [13]. The system cost you could tell is over $100 million to implement and resulted in significant operational and financial challenges for the organization. Other healthcare providers have faced similar challenges with the cost of implementing new technologies, which can include hardware, software, training, and ongoing maintenance costs. These costs can be prohibitive for smaller healthcare providers with limited budgets, making it challenging for them to keep up with the latest technological advancements.

6.1. Privacy and security concerns

The use of digital technologies in healthcare raises privacy and security concerns. Healthcare providers need to ensure that patient data is protected and secure. With the increasing reliance on technology in healthcare comes the risk of cybersecurity breaches. For instance, the Anthem healthcare breach in 2015 was the largest healthcare breach in history, affecting 78.8 million individuals [17]

In 2015 Hackers were able to steal from Anthem, Inc personal information, including names, birth dates, social security numbers, and healthcare ID numbers, from approximately 80 million Anthem customers. This breach was a wake-up call for the healthcare industry, highlighting the need for stronger security measures to protect patient data. As the use of digital technologies in healthcare continues to grow, it is crucial for healthcare providers to implement robust security protocols to safeguard patient data.

6.1. Resistance to change

Resistance to change can also be a barrier to the adoption of eHealth, MIoT, and robotics. Healthcare providers may be reluctant to adopt new technologies, preferring traditional methods. A tangible example of resistance to change in healthcare technology can be seen in the slow adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) by some healthcare providers. Despite the many benefits of EHRs, such as improved patient safety, reduced medical errors, and increased efficiency, some providers still prefer to use paper records. This resistance to change can be due to various reasons such as cost, lack of training, and fear of technology failure.

VII. Recommendations and conclusion

The adoption of eHealth, MIoT, and robotics technologies has the potential to reduce the healthcare sector’s carbon footprint significantly. However, the adoption and implementation of these technologies remain uneven across the globe, and several challenges and limitations must be addressed to promote sustainable healthcare practices.

Policymakers can encourage the use of eHealth, MIoT, and robotics by providing incentives such as tax credits and subsidies. Healthcare providers can also be encouraged to adopt these technologies by providing training and support.

Investing in research and development can help overcome the challenges of implementing eHealth, MIoT, and robotics. Research can also help identify the most effective and efficient ways to implement these technologies.

Regulations and standards as to be established to help ensure that eHealth, MIoT, and robotics are used ethically and responsibly. Regulations can also help protect patient data and ensure that healthcare providers adopt these technologies safely.

In conclusion, the issue of climate change continues to be a major concern for the future of our planet. With increasing levels of carbon emissions and rising global temperatures, the effects on our environment are becoming more evident each year. From devastating natural disasters to the extinction of species, the impact of climate change is far-reaching and complex. However, with increased awareness and global cooperation, we can work towards mitigating the effects of climate change and finding sustainable solutions for the future. By reducing our carbon footprint, investing in renewable energy, and promoting environmentally friendly practices, we can help to ensure a brighter and more sustainable future for ourselves and future generations. Adoption of eHealth, MIoT,and AI powered technologies has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint, optimize energy consumption, and improve patient outcomes. However, eHealth, MIoT, and robotics implementation faces challenges such as cost, privacy and security concerns, and resistance to change. To overcome these obstacles, policymakers, healthcare providers, and technology developers must collaborate to promote the use of these technologies. This can be accomplished by providing incentives, investing in R&D, and establishing regulations and standards. By doing so, we can build a more resilient and sustainable healthcare system that is better prepared to face the challenges of climate change.

References

[1] World Economic Forum. (2021, May 14). How digital health is set to revolutionize the healthcare industry. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/05/digital-health-telemedicine-telehealth-ai-digitalize-health-services/

[2] World Economic Forum. (2021, October 5). How smart technologies are transforming healthcare.https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/10/smart-technologies-transforming-healthcare/

[3] Deloitte. (n.d.). Future of health. https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/industries/life-sciences-health-care/perspectives/future-of-health.html

[4] Davis, J., & Nolan, K, Climate change and the global health emergency. Harvard Business Review, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 121-128, Jan.-Feb. 2017.

[5] M.A. Khan, “Challenges Facing the Application of IoT in Medicine and Healthcare,” International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM), 2021

[6] Istepanian, R., Hu, S., & Philip, N. (2018). Wearables and the Internet of Things for Health: Wearable, Interconnected Devices Promise More Efficient and Comprehensive Health Care. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(5), e162.

[7] Journal of Healthcare Engineering, vol. 2018, Hindawi, 2018.

[8] African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine. (2018). [Online]

[9] Lucia M. Mupara, John J.O. Mogaka, William R. Brieger, Joyce M. Tsoka-Gwegweni,Community Health Worker programmes’ integration into national health systems: Scoping review, African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine | Vol 15, No 1 | a3204 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v15i1.3204 | © 2023 Lucia M. Mupara, John J.O. Mogaka, William R. Brieger, Joyce M. Tsoka-Gwegweni | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0 Submitted: 18 August 2021 | Published: 09 March 2023

[10] Oluwamayowa O. Ogundaini, Mourine S. Achieng,Systematic review: Decentralised health information systems implementation in sub-Saharan Africa,The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa|Vol 18, No 1 |a1216|DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v18i1.1216 | © 2022 Oluwamayowa O. Ogundaini, Mourine S. Achieng  This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0 Submitted: 25 March 2022 | Published: 30 August 2022

[11] Van der Poel H, Van Cleynenbreugel B, Ngugi P, Connolly SS, Catto JWF. Robotic prostatectomy in Africa: a preliminary report from the largest robotic prostatectomy centre in Africa. World J Urol. 2019;37(1):65-72. doi: 10.1007/s00345-018-2387-2.

[12] Okhunov, Z., Rais-Bahrami, S., George, A. K., Waingankar, N., & Duty, B. D. (2019). The impact of robotic-assisted surgery on hospital system costs: systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Urology, 37(7), 1381-1388.

[13] University of California San Francisco. (2022, April 4). UCSF deploys innovative data system to integrate research and care. https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2022/04/422566/ucsf-deploys-innovative-data-system-integrate-research-and-care

[14] Eko Health. (n.d.). AI-powered digital stethoscope. https://www.ekohealth.com/

[15] Mutaz Shegewi , Adriana Allocato , Giulia Besana, Cynthia Burghard, Lynne Dunbrack , Nino Giguashvili , Ramon T. Llamas , Silvia Piai , Jeff Rivkin , Michael Townsend , Manoj Vallikkat , Leon Xiao, IDC FutureScape: Worldwide Health Industry 2021 Predictions, https://www.idc.com/research/viewtoc.jsp?containerId=US45834920

[16] Robotics and Automation News. (2018, October 23). Swisslog and Savioke introduce new autonomous service robot to healthcare industry. https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2018/10/23/swisslog-and-savioke-introduce-new-autonomous-service-robot-to-healthcare-industry/

[17] Infosec Institute. (n.d.). The breach of Anthem Health: The largest healthcare breach in history. https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/topic/the-breach-of-anthem-health-the-largest-healthcare-breach-in-history/

by yao.sossou1 -

Researching and Developing a Prototype for Sustainable Healthcare app in Benin

In the pursuit of addressing healthcare challenges in rural areas of Benin Republic, the research and development of an eHealth app for sustainable healthcare has emerged as a transformative solution. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the process undertaken to research and develop a prototype for this project. Building upon the existing knowledge and previous articles on eHealth and sustainable healthcare (1, 2, 3, 4) , we delve into the key steps and considerations involved in creating an innovative solution that can improve healthcare access and support sustainable development. we are integrating the innovative MoiseGpt super-application into our eHealth app. Developed by renowned African entrepreneur Alain Towedo Capo-Chichi, MoiseGpt offers a powerful voice assistant feature that enhances user experiences through seamless interaction. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the ongoing research and development process, highlighting the integration of MoiseGpt and its potential to revolutionize healthcare access through a user-friendly voice interface. we also want to take advantage of previous project in the field of health in the region to capitalize the best pratices and lesson learn. For example, the project SATMED,a satellite based communication solution aimed to improve public health in emerging and developing countries.

Identifying the Problem and Research Question
The initial stage involved a meticulous analysis of the challenges faced by individuals in rural communities regarding healthcare access and affordability. By exploring existing literature, and consulting with healthcare experts, a clear problem statement was formulated, leading to the definition of the research question: “What if we design an app that helps tackle the lack of medical service offerings, specifically in rural communities of Benin Republic?”

Conducting User-Centered Research
To ensure the prototype addressed the needs and preferences of the target users, a user-centered research approach was adopted. This involved conducting interviews, surveys, and behavioral studies to gain insights into the healthcare-seeking behaviors, literacy levels, and technological proficiency of the population. These findings served as a foundation for designing an app that is accessible, user-friendly, and tailored to the specific context of Benin Republic.

Developing the Prototype
Armed with the first research insights, the next phase focused on translating the identified requirements into a tangible prototype. Utilizing industry-standard tools like Figma, we were able to design the user interface of the eHealth app, incorporating MoiseGpt’s voice assistant capabilities. The visually appealing and intuitive design takes into account the literacy levels and technological constraints of the target population, ensuring accessibility and ease of use that considered the literacy levels and technological constraints of the target population.

First draft of the prototype website

The first feedback we received from this current version of the web platform for the solution is from our supervision who suggested to make it simplified and easy to read and navigate. The next iteration of the prototype will integrate that and many other feedbacks we are going to receive through our planned survey and further researchs include a field research.

First draft of the mobile app prototype

Iterative Testing and Refinement
To ensure the prototype met user expectations and delivered a seamless experience, iterative testing and refinement were conducted. Next stage of the Usability tests will be carried out with representative users from rural communities so collect provided valuable feedback on the app’s features, navigation, and overall usability. This iterative shall process helped identify and rectify any usability issues, ensuring a user-centric and effective design.

Planned Ethnographic Research for Solution Refinement
In our commitment to continuously improving the proposed solution, a planned ethnographic research study will be conducted in the upcoming summer or next year. This research approach will involve immersing researchers in the rural communities of Benin Republic to observe and document the daily lives, healthcare practices, and unique challenges faced by the residents. By gathering in-depth qualitative data, this ethnographic research aims to further refine the proposed eHealth app, ensuring it is truly aligned with the needs, behaviors, and cultural context of the target population.

video presentation

Conclusion
The process of researching and developing a prototype for sustainable healthcare has been a journey driven by the vision of improving healthcare access and supporting sustainable development in Benin Republic. By identifying the problem, conducting user-centered research, developing the prototype, and engaging stakeholders, the project has made significant strides towards creating an innovative eHealth app that can bridge the gap in healthcare services and contribute to the well-being of rural communities. The planned ethnographic research study will provide invaluable insights for further refining the proposed solution and ensuring its efficacy in addressing the specific needs of the population. The lessons learned and experiences gained from this process will pave the way for a more inclusive, accessible, and sustainable future in healthcare delivery.

by yao.sossou1 -

Unleashing E-Health: Pioneering Health Innovations in Benin Republic and Beyond

In the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare, digital innovation has emerged as an indispensable instrument for improving access, quality, and affordability. E-health, defined as the utilization of information and communication technologies (ICT) for health services and information, carries the potential to revolutionize healthcare systems across the globe, particularly in countries like Benin Republic and other African nations. with no doubt we can affirm tht eHealth offers a promising potential to transform health care delivery in Africa by offering a platform for comprehensive data management, provider efficiency, and patient engagement. “Health systems strengthening is a critical path to achieving health outcomes, health security and financial protection, improving social well-being and fostering sustainable development.” -as described in the published Framework for Health Systems Development Towards Universal Health Coverage in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals in the African by Region the World Health Organization’s Regional Comitte for Africa secretariat report1.

E-Health in Benin Republic and Africa: A Glimpse of the Future

While Benin, like many other African countries, has encountered challenges in healthcare infrastructure, the eHealth sector presents an innovative, resilient solution. From telemedicine consultations to AI-powered diagnoses and digital health records, the scope for growth is enormous. Mobile technology ownership, which is growing rapidly across Africa, serves as a strong foundation for eHealth expansion2.

In Benin there are no known health plaform for say but lesson learned form regional initiative and secure funding to tackle the issue of healthcare (for example the USAID Integrated Health Services Activity in Benin) are promising path for the realization of such plaform. A shining example of this potential is shown from the most popular ehealth solution in continent, they are mostly mHealth platform that brings doctors and patients together through mobile devices3. Additionally, Nigeria’s healthtech startup, Helium Health, has exhibited how digital innovation can leapfrog existing infrastructural limitations4.

The Advantages and the Hurdles

E-health solutions offer the possibility of overcoming geographical barriers, improving access to diagnostic and treatment services, and optimizing the use of limited resources. A quick look at the HealthEnabled’s work make use confident that Benin and africa will soon be able to profit from eHealth solutions. The elegance of eHealth lies in its ability to deliver solutions right at your fingertips, thereby making healthcare accessible even in the most secluded parts of the continent 5.

However, implementing eHealth in Benin and the wider African region is not without challenges. Issues such as the digital divide, data privacy concerns, inadequate ICT infrastructure, and lack of digital literacy need to be addressed for successful adoption.

E-Health and the Road Ahead

Despite the challenges, the potential benefits of eHealth are worth pursuing. Governments, private institutions, and international organizations should collaborate to nurture this sector, investing in infrastructure, education, and regulations. The future of eHealth in Benin and Africa is hopeful.

by yao.sossou1 -

Designing an eHealth App for Sustainable Healthcare: case of Benin republic

This article seek to present and overiew of the implementation of ehealth in Benin to help us see the opportunities and challenges we might face while trying to present a contextualized framework to “Designing an eHealth App for Sustainable Healthcare in Benin” that can contribute to improve community health but also support the National eHealth Strategy in Benin .

Zouléha Karimou, a 35-year-old housewife and mother of five boys, takes part in a bednet demonstration in her village of Sibongou in the health zone of Bariénou, about 500 kilometers north of Cotonou, Benin, on June 17, 2018

Source: JSI- Improving Community Health in Benin | by JSI | Medium

The implementation of eHealth in Benin Republic has been driven by the National eHealth Strategy, which aims to improve the country’s healthcare sector through the use of information and communication technology (ICT). The strategy was adopted in November 2017 and covers the period from 2018 to 2022. The key components of the strategy include the establishment of an eHealth infrastructure, strengthening human resources for health, improving access to healthcare services, enhancing healthcare quality and patient safety, and developing a legal and regulatory framework.

The situational context in Benin Republic reveals that eHealth initiatives have been implemented in the country in the past, mainly through private projects supported by NGOs, international organizations, or bilateral cooperation. However, the Ministry of Health had limited engagement in these programs, and many of them faded away due to a lack of funding and little assessment of their impact on the health system.

To institutionalize the use of digital health, the Ministry of Health assigned the Department of Information Technology and Pre-archiving to develop a national eHealth plan. Two strategic documents on the use of ICT in health have been created. However, the review in 2015 highlighted the lack of a nationwide and uniform network for the Ministry of Health, limited connectivity of health structures, and a lack of ICT infrastructure, particularly in rural areas.

Despite these challenges, the government of Benin has shown strong commitment to eHealth. The national eHealth strategy includes best practices such as government commitment, a favorable institutional and legislative framework, the development of a national eHealth master plan, and engagement with health professionals and the private sector. Lessons learned from previous projects and initiatives are also being applied to the strategy’s implementation.

The national eHealth strategy aims to establish an eHealth infrastructure, enhance human resources for health, improve access to healthcare services, enhance healthcare quality and patient safety, and develop a legal and regulatory framework. The strategy includes the creation of a national health information system, the use of telemedicine, and the development of eLearning programs for healthcare worker training.

The implementation of the strategy faces various challenges, including a lack of funding, insufficient technical human resources, delays in legal and regulatory aspects, poor user confidence, limited ICT infrastructure, and low accessibility to health structures. However, the government’s commitment, favorable institutional environment, and qualified human resource pool provide a solid foundation for the strategy’s implementation.

To ensure accountability and transparency, the strategy has established a monitoring and evaluation system to track the implementation of projects and their impact on the health system. Impact indicators are being developed, and an independent team is responsible for collecting and analyzing these indicators. The strategy also emphasizes the involvement of health professionals and the private sector in the implementation process.

In Benin, the eHealth segment is expected to show positive growth and development. The revenue in the eHealth segment is projected to reach US$9.59 million by 2023. Furthermore, there is an estimated annual growth rate (CAGR 2023-2027) of 18.42%, which would result in a projected market volume of US$18.85 million by 2027. User penetration in the eHealth segment is expected to be 7.77% in 2023, and it is projected to increase to 12.33% by 2027. This indicates a growing adoption of eHealth solutions by the population in Benin. The average revenue per user (ARPU) is anticipated to be US$9.40, reflecting the potential value and monetization opportunities within the eHealth market in Benin. It is worth noting that in global comparison, China is expected to generate the highest revenue in the eHealth segment, with an estimated revenue of US$23,270 million in 2023. These figures highlight the potential and growth prospects of the eHealth segment in Benin, indicating increasing adoption and revenue generation in the coming years.

In conclusion, while challenges exist, Benin Republic is committed to using eHealth to improve its healthcare system. The strategy’s implementation is supported by a favorable institutional and legislative environment, government commitment, and lessons learned from previous projects. With continued efforts and addressing the challenges, eHealth has the potential to improve healthcare access and quality in Benin Republic. The eHealth segment in Benin is poised for significant growth and offers promising opportunities for improving healthcare accessibility and enhancing overall health outcomes in the country.

Reference:

  • Y. A. A. Sossou, “Status of eHealth in Benin republic,” March 2023. https://www.intgovforum.org/en/filedepot_download/278/24571.
  • https://jsihealth.medium.com/improving-community-health-in-benin-842df2bcadca
  • https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/digital-health/ehealth/benin
  • www.itu.int
  • www.sante.gouv.bj
  • www.who.int
by yao.sossou1 -

Creating a Sustainable Future in Healthcare: The Process of Designing an eHealth App

With the increasing concern about environmental sustainability and public health, there is a need to develop innovative solutions that promote sustainable healthcare practices. The healthcare industry has been under pressure to address the rising healthcare costs and environmental concerns, and the use of digital technology in healthcare has emerged as a potential solution. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in designing eHealth apps that not only improve the quality of healthcare but also contribute to a more sustainable future while encouraging users to adopt healthy behaviors while also reducing their environmental impact.

Interaction design principles can be used to motivate and engage users to adopt sustainable healthcare practices. For example, gamification, personalization, and social interaction elements can be integrated into the design of eHealth apps to promote healthy behaviors and encourage users to make sustainable choices. A study by Sutcliffe et al. [1] found that gamification elements such as points, leaderboards, and rewards can lead to increased user engagement and motivation in health-related apps. In their study, the authors investigate the role of gamification in promoting user engagement and motivation to adopt health apps. The study highlights the potential benefits of incorporating gamification elements into healthcare apps, such as increasing user satisfaction, promoting healthy behaviors, and enhancing the effectiveness of healthcare interventions. Their findings suggest that gamification can be a key determinant of the adoption of health apps, and thus, it is important to consider gamification as a design strategy in the development of eHealth apps for sustainable healthcare.

On the other hand, Tran et al.[2] provides a scoping review of the current state of evidence on the use of gamification and incentives in mobile health apps to improve medication adherence. While their foundings stressed out the lack of significance amount of evidence supporting the use of gamification and financial incentives to improve medication adherence, their paper highlights the potential benefits and drawbacks of these strategies and provides recommendations for future research.

A study conducted by Carlqvist et al. [3] provides valuable insights into the potential for eHealth applications to function as value-creating resources in healthcare from the perspective of healthcare professionals. The study was a qualitative interview study that explored healthcare professionals’ experiences with using an eHealth application and how it could create value in healthcare. The findings of the study are relevant to the topic of creating a sustainable future in healthcare through the process of designing an eHealth app. By understanding how an eHealth application can create value for healthcare professionals, designers can ensure that the app they design meets the needs and expectations of its users. Additionally, designing an app that creates value for healthcare professionals can lead to increased adoption and sustained use of the app, which can contribute to a more sustainable healthcare system in the long run.

Privacy and data security are important ethical considerations that need to be addressed in the design of eHealth apps as well. Health-related information is sensitive, and users need to trust that their data is secure and protected. Incorporating privacy and security measures in the design of eHealth apps is crucial to ensure user trust and adoption.

In this post we want to explore the process of designing sustainable eHealth apps, with a focus on the role of Interaction design and digitalization in promoting sustainability. To shed light on this topic, we have examined the works of Jansen [4], who discusses the importance of digitalization in healthcare and its potential impact on sustainability, Oderanti et al.[5], who examine business models for sustainable commercialization of eHealth innovations, and van Limburg and van Gemert-Pijnen [6], who propose innovative business models for sustainable eHealth applications.

After Analysis of those articles a question still subsisted: what is process of designing an eHealth app for a sustainable future in healthcare? In that regards we would like to propose the following these 8 steps:

  1. Identify sustainability goals & the needs: In this first step you could conduct research and gather insights from potential users, healthcare providers, and other stakeholders on sustainability challenges in healthcare. For example , high rates of chronic diseases, lack of access to qualify care, environmental threats, etc [3].
  2. Define the scope with sustainability in mind: Once the sustainability goals have been identified, the next step is to define the scope of the app with sustainability in mind. This involves identifying sustainable features, functionality, and target audience. Defining the goals and objectives of the eHealth app, such as improving health outcoms, enhancing patient engagement, reducing costs, minimizing environmental impact, etc[4]
  3. Develop a business model that ensures the sustainability and scalability of the eHealth app, such as revenue streams, value proposition, customer segments, etc.[5]
  4. Develop wireframes and prototypes with sustainability in mind: Wireframes and prototypes to visualize the app’s user interface and to test its sustainability impact. At this stage you come up with creating low-fidelity sketches or high-fidelity interactive prototypes with sustainability considerations in mind.
  5. Conduct user testing with sustainability in mind: This will help gather feedback on the app’s sustainability impact, as well as its usability and functionality. of course you can recruite participants to test the app and providing feedback on their sustainability experience.
  6. Develop the app with sustainable materials and practices: Once the wireframes and prototypes have been tested and refined, the app can be developed with sustainable materials and practices. This can involve using renewable energy sources, using recycled or biodegradable materials, or minimizing the app’s carbon footprint in other ways.
  7. Ensure regulatory compliance with sustainable regulations: eHealth apps designed for sustainable healthcare may be subject to regulations related to sustainability practices, data privacy, security, and healthcare compliance. Ensuring compliance may involve obtaining appropriate certifications or following specific standards related to sustainability.
  8. Launch and monitor sustainability impact: Once the app has been developed and tested, it can be launched. It’s important to monitor the app’s sustainability impact, as well as its performance and user feedback, to ensure it continues to meet sustainability goals and regulatory requirements. Implement and monitoring the eHealth app in the real-world setting and collecting feedback for improvement [5,6]

In conclusion, designing an eHealth app for sustainable healthcare is a promising solution to promote sustainable healthcare practices while also improving public health. Interaction design principles can be used to create engaging and motivating apps that encourage users to adopt healthy behaviors and make sustainable choices. Privacy and data security considerations are essential ethical considerations that need to be addressed in the design of eHealth apps.

References:

[1] Sutcliffe, A., Kaur, K., & Noronha, J. (2013). Gamification: A key determinant of adoption of health apps. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGHIT International Health Informatics Symposium (pp. 571-580).

[2] S. Tran, L. Smith, S. El-Den and S. Carter, “The Use of Gamification and Incentives in Mobile Health Apps to Improve Medication Adherence: Scoping Review,” JMIR Serious Games, vol. 9, no. 1, p. e30671, 2021

[3] Carlqvist, C., Hagerman, H., Fellesson, M. et al. Health care professionals’ experiences of how an eHealth application can function as a value-creating resource – a qualitative interview study. BMC Health Serv Res 21, 1203 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07232-3

[4] A. Jansen, “Healthcare and the environment: Why does digitalization matter?,” Innovation Matters, Philips, Aug. 26, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/blogs/innovation-matters/2021/20210826-healthcare-and-the-environment-why-does-digitalization-matter.html.

[5] Festus Oluseyi Oderanti, Feng Li, Marija Cubric, Xiaohui Shi,Business models for sustainable commercialisation of digital healthcare (eHealth) innovations for an increasingly ageing population,Technological Forecasting and Social Change,Volume 171,2021,120969, ISSN 0040-1625,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120969. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162521004017)

[6] A. H. M. van Limburg and J. van Gemert-Pijnen, “Towards Innovative Business Modeling for Sustainable eHealth Applications,” 2010 Second International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine, Saint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles, 2010, pp. 11-16, doi: 10.1109/eTELEMED.2010.30.